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An all too familiar phrase, routine traffic stops are often anything but for Black drivers. A new study from the American Psychological Association found that police are more hostile when speaking to Black men than their white counterparts.
Researchers examined the tone and intonation in a speech during traffic stops using body camera footage and audio clips. Building on prior studies showing police having a more respectful tone toward white people in various institutional settings.
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Researchers described using footage from an unnamed medium-sized U.S. city to put together a composite sketch of interactions during traffic stops. NBC News reported another study focusing on Oakland showed Black residents were 61 percent more likely to be told to put their hands on the wheel during a traffic stop than white residents.
For Black drivers, this isn’t news, but documenting the pattern of behavior toward Black drivers could help address policies going further. But police interactions during traffic stops continue to be a source of concern, with some leading to fatal outcomes.
Two studies from last year highlighted a person’s likelihood of being stopped based on race. Data reviewed in Los Angeles last year showed Black people were significantly more likely to be stopped than their white counterparts.
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A local ABC affiliate found that over 10 years, 25 percent of people stopped were Black. Black people make up about 10 percent of the city’s population. The outlet further found that Black men and women were more likely to interact with police during a stop beyond a simple warning.
Another report published last spring in Nature reviewed traffic stops across the country. Findings revealed that Black drivers were less likely to be stopped after sunset, suggesting that the increase in stops during the daytime was an indication of racial bias. The report also found states that decriminalizing marijuana also reduced search rates during a stop.
Such data reinforces what many Black drivers and their passengers already know about “driving while Black.” With increasing examples of policing interactions gone wrong, some reformers look to find ways to improve policing through training and sensitivity courses.
But addressing racial disparities in police interactions, including changing police attitudes and tactics toward Black people, requires more than additional training. Minimizing disparities could require local and state governments to adopt new policies and internal guidance on interactions during traffic stops.
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113 Black Men And Boys Killed By Police
112 photos Launch gallery
1. Leneal Frazier, 40
Source:Getty
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2. Demetrius Stanley, 31
Demetrius Stanley was murdered by plain clothes police officers two nights ago. They came in an unmarked van and were stalking the outside of Demetrius’ family home. He went outside to check and they shot him from inside their car. They never ID themselves. #ripmeech#blackpower pic.twitter.com/qYL1GHNsho
— B.L.A.C.K. Outreach (@blackoutreachsj) June 2, 2021
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3. Ashton Pinke, 27
27-year old Ashton Pinke was shot-and-killed by Mesquite Police Department officers, today. Investigators report he charged with a “knife and a club” following a 911 hang-up call by a screaming woman. Family members question the report. Our full story airs on @FOX4 at 9/10. pic.twitter.com/SD2AAK76p3
— David Sentendrey (@DavidSFOX4) May 5, 2021
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4. Andrew Brown, 42
BREAKING: The man fatally shot by a deputy today in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, was Andrew Brown.
Deputies were serving a search warrant when Brown was shot while driving away, witnesses say.
Neighbors say they heard anywhere from 6 to 8 shots. https://t.co/w7dyIQ5zdX
— WAVY TV 10 (@WAVY_News) April 21, 2021
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5. Matthew Williams, 35
At 5 @wsbtv: the family of 35 year old Matthew Williams are demanding that body camera footage of his shooting death be released. Dekalb police shot & killed Williams at his home Monday. They say he lunged at officers with a knife. Family say he was running away from officers pic.twitter.com/Ky4ssoYTFp
— Justin Gray (@JustinGrayWSB) April 14, 2021
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6. Daunte Wright, 20
Source:Twitter/@MeritLaw
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7. Marvin D. Scott III, 26
Source:GoFundMe
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8. Kurt Reinhold, 42
Source:Getty
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9. McHale Rose, 19
JUSTICE FOR MCHALE ROSE!
Mchale was killed by 4 officers within hours of the killing of Dreasjon Reed. Because of this, his story has gotten clouded and we need awareness! Mchale was a personal friend of mine and the sweetest boy ever. He & his family deserve justice! pic.twitter.com/SutjQn4fjy— Hustle House (@hustlehousellc) August 6, 2020
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10. Xzavier Hill, 18
Xzavier Hill’s family deserves justice. Virginia laws do not require the VSP to release footage, nor to wear body cameras. He was 18, and his whole life was ahead of him.
NAACP: Justice For Xzavier – Sign the Petition! https://t.co/a30fgNP9mk via @Change
— melanie (@smellllanie) January 19, 2021
Source:Change.org
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11. Frederick Cox, 18
Source:Facebook/Tenicka Shannon
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12. Patrick Warren Sr.
Source:Patrick Warren Jr.
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13. Carl Dorsey III, 39
Man shot to death in Police involved shooting in Newark is identified as 39 year old Carl Dorsey III. https://t.co/hdtmb6w0Il
— The Tornado News (@TheTornadoNews) January 6, 2021
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14. Dolal Idd, 23
Source:GoFundMe
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15. Andre’ Hill, 47
An attorney who has represented the families of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor says he is now working for the family of Andre’ Hill, the man killed by a Columbus police officer early Tuesday.https://t.co/9yXaqYKHfu
— NBC4 Columbus (@nbc4i) December 24, 2020
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16. Joshua Feast
Joshua Feast was fatally shot in the BACK by La Marque PD officer Jose Santos as he was running away, posing no threat. Witnesses report Santos refused to render aid to Joshua after shooting him AND then kicked his body, already debilitated by the bullet. #JusticeForJoshuaFeast pic.twitter.com/zO46PCsGzO
— Ben Crump (@AttorneyCrump) December 12, 2020
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17. Maurice Gordon
Source:Mercury LLC
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18. Casey Goodson Jr.
Source:Walton + Brown, LLP
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19. Rodney Applewhite
Source:Ben Crump
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23. Marcellis Stinnette, teen killed by police in Waukegan, Illinois
Source:Twitter
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24. Jonathan Price
The Texas police officer who fatally shot Jonathan Price has been arrested and charged with murder. His bail has been set at 1 million dollars. I’m glad. RIP Jonathan, rest in power. pic.twitter.com/Mw5GMQX0Eb
— ~𝓣𝓮𝓷𝓪𝓬𝓲𝓸𝓾𝓼 𝓣𝓮𝓪𝓱~ (@TeahCartel) October 6, 2020
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26. Daniel Prude
The killing of Daniel Prude by Rochester police officers is unacceptable, and we need real answers for why this happened and why it took so long to come out.
Trained medical professionals should respond to mental health crises, not armed officers. pic.twitter.com/EPhH9inn1x
— Jeremy Cooney (@JeremyCooneyROC) September 2, 2020
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27. Damian Daniels
Yesterday in SA cops killed Sergeant Damian Lamar Daniels in front of his home. His family asked the Red Cross to get him to the VA.
He had a legal gun on his hip that he never removed. He didn’t want to go and he struggled when they tried to force him.
So they killed him. pic.twitter.com/q6U7OSXb6D
— Lee Merritt (@MerrittForTexas) August 27, 2020
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28. Dijon Kizzee
This is #DijonKizzee, 29 yrs old and shot and killed by LA Sheriffs after being stopped for a bike violation. Cops handcuffed his lifeless body. While police investigations can drag on for months/years, cops have already claimed he ran away, and dropped clothes and a gun. #BLM pic.twitter.com/pM6mQfWLeQ
— Kristen Clarke (@KristenClarkeJD) September 1, 2020
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29. Trayford Pellerin
Source:GoFundMe
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30. David McAtee
in an attempt to disperse crowds, #DavidMcAtee, a louisville bbq chef known for serving cops free meals, was shot and killed by the police last night. he was unarmed. not only were the officers’ bodycams off, but they also left his body on the street for 12 hours.
say his name. pic.twitter.com/kqOPku8iuQ— adaliah 🇹🇬 (@adxlls) June 2, 2020
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31. Natosha “Tony” McDade
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34. Finan H. Berhe
Montgomery County Police Tweet Video Of Cop Shooting Finan H. Berhe In Maryland https://t.co/HzNV24ZpZB
— World Congress 🌎 On Faith & Justice (@JMcCorrySpeaks) May 9, 2020
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35. Sean Reed
Source:Twitter
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36. Steven Demarco Taylor
Source:S. Lee Merritt
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37. Ariane McCree
Source:The Herald/YouTube
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39. Miles Hall
Source:KRON4
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40. Darius Tarver
Source:S. Lee Merritt
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41. William Green
They murdered my cousin. How do you have someone in handcuffs and in a seat belt and shoot them multilpe times.All cops aren’t bad but those were. I will fight with the last breath in me for justice. William Green was a family man, a working man. Funny. Loving. Love and miss you. pic.twitter.com/PhM3a6C7uj
— Liv 👸🏾 (@liv__03) January 28, 2020
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42. Samuel David Mallard, 19
This is a 2019 mugshot of the murder suspect Cobb police shot & killed today. Samuel Mallard, 19, was previously arrested for impersonating officers a half dozen times. In the 2020 case, the GBI says he’s involved in a murder/robbery. CCPD says there are other suspects. @wsbtv https://t.co/7EfuVQLmNB pic.twitter.com/ttWg5HjFkj
— Chris Jose (@ChrisJoseWSB) January 17, 2020
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43. Kwame “KK” Jones, 17
Source:facebook
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45. Christopher Whitfield, 31
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46. Anthony Hill, 26
Former Officer Robert Olsen killed Anthony Hill over four years ago and was finally convicted (not of murder). Will get get the Amber Guyger treatment? #AnthonyHillhttps://t.co/HZVf3tOEOL
— NewsOne (@newsone) October 25, 2019
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47. De’Von Bailey, 19
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48. Eric Logan, 54
BREAKING NEWS OUT OF SOUTH BEND:
Two lawyers representing the estate of 54-year-old Eric Logan, who was shot and killed by a South Bend police officer, have sued that officer, Sgt. Ryan O’Neill and Mayor Pete Buttigieg.
The suit was filed in federal court today.
(READ THREAD) pic.twitter.com/frOpKFQIAV
— Joshua Short (@JoshuaShortWNDU) June 27, 2019
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50. Gregory Hill Jr., 30
Gregory Hill, Jr. – the family of Greg Hill grants permission to use these photos to honor Greg or tell his story. pic.twitter.com/uhn1RbEQBv
— John M. Phillips (@JohnPhillips) June 1, 2018
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51. JaQuavion Slaton, 20
This is Jaquavion Slaton, the 20-year-old who was was shot & killed by Fort Worth Police on Sunday. Community demanding release of body camera video, but FWPD hasn’t said when/if that will happen. #WFAA pic.twitter.com/iakQyWrRCl
— Teresa Woodard (@twoodard8) June 10, 2019
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52. Ryan Twyman, 24
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53. Brandon Webber, 20
When they see us, they kill us…
Brandon Webber, father of 3, shot by U. S. Marshalls 16-20 times in Memphis.
No one deserves to be shot and killed like this.
I could say so much but I’m really at a loss for words. pic.twitter.com/9EFhUplHDw
— Jeneisha C. Harris (@JeneishaCHarris) June 13, 2019
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54. Jimmy Atchison, 21
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55. Willie McCoy, 20
One of six officers who fired at Willie McCoy had killed unarmed man in 2018 || Via: Guardian https://t.co/CjrSIa8r1Z
— SafetyPin-Daily (@SafetyPinDaily) February 23, 2019
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56. Emantic “EJ” Fitzgerald Bradford Jr., 21
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58. Jemel Roberson, 26
Security guard Jemel Roberson was holding down a shooting suspect when police burst in and shot Roberson instead. pic.twitter.com/zNsYvQMRg8
— HuffPost (@HuffPost) November 14, 2018
Source:false
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61. Antwon Rose Jr., 17
Source:false
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62. Robert Lawrence White, 41
Source:false
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63. Anthony Lamar Smith, 24
Source:Getty
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64. Ramarley Graham, 18
Source:Getty
64 of 112
65. Manuel Loggins Jr., 31
Source:Getty
65 of 112
66. Trayvon Martin, 17
Source:Getty
66 of 112
67. Wendell Allen, 20
Source:Getty
67 of 112
68. Kendrec McDade, 19
Source:Getty
68 of 112
69. Larry Jackson Jr., 32
Source:Getty
69 of 112
70. Jonathan Ferrell, 24
Source:Getty
70 of 112
71. Jordan Baker, 26
Source:Getty
71 of 112
72. Victor White lll, 22
Source:Getty
72 of 112
73. Dontre Hamilton, 31
Source:Getty
73 of 112
74. Eric Garner, 43
Source:Getty
74 of 112
75. John Crawford lll, 22
Source:Getty
75 of 112
76. Michael Brown, 18
Source:Getty
76 of 112
77. Ezell Ford, 25
Source:Getty
77 of 112
78. Dante Parker, 36
Source:Getty
78 of 112
79. Kajieme Powell, 25
Source:Getty
79 of 112
80. Laquan McDonald, 17
Source:Getty
80 of 112
81. Akai Gurley, 28
Source:Getty
81 of 112
82. Tamir Rice, 12
Source:Getty
82 of 112
83. Rumain Brisbon, 34
Source:Getty
83 of 112
84. Jerame Reid, 36
Source:Getty
84 of 112
85. Charly Keunang, 43
Source:Getty
85 of 112
86. Tony Robinson, 19
Source:Getty
86 of 112
87. Walter Scott, 50
Source:Getty
87 of 112
88. Freddie Gray, 25
Source:Getty
88 of 112
89. Brendon Glenn, 29
Source:Getty
89 of 112
90. Samuel DuBose, 43
Source:Getty
90 of 112
91. Christian Taylor, 19
Source:Getty
91 of 112
92. Jamar Clark, 24
Source:Getty
92 of 112
93. Mario Woods, 26
Source:Getty
93 of 112
94. Quintonio LeGrier, 19
Source:Getty
94 of 112
95. Gregory Gunn, 58
Source:Getty
95 of 112
96. Akiel Denkins, 24
Source:Getty
96 of 112
97. Alton Sterling, 37
Source:Getty
97 of 112
98. Philando Castile, 32
Source:Getty
98 of 112
99. Terrence Sterling, 31
Source:Getty
99 of 112
100. Terence Crutcher, 40
Source:Getty
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101. Keith Lamont Scott, 43
Source:Getty
101 of 112
102. Alfred Olango, 38
Source:Getty
102 of 112
103. Jordan Edwards, 15
Source:Getty
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105. Danny Ray Thomas, 34
Source:false
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107. Patrick Harmon, 50
Patrick Harmon was shot and killed by police in Salt Lake City, Utah. The district attorney says the shooting was “legally justified.” pic.twitter.com/zYBOwlTzRb
— NBC News (@NBCNews) October 7, 2017
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109. Maurice Granton, 24
Dash cam footage of police killing Maurice Granton Jr. has been released. His family says it proves that he was unarmed pic.twitter.com/YLAM7my1ny
— NowThis (@nowthisnews) July 26, 2018
109 of 112
110. Julius Johnson, 23
110 of 112
111. Jamee Johnson, 22
Source:S. Lee Merritt
111 of 112
112. Michael Dean, 28